Maria Hertogh Riots

The riots broke out over the custody battle of a 13 year old girl,Maria Hertogh.Maria Hertogh was born in Java in 1937 to Dutch Catholic parents.When her parents were imprisoned during the Japanese Occupation,Maria came under the care of a Malay woman,Che Aminah and her husband.They brought her up as a Muslim and named her Nadra.In 1949,Maria's mother,Adeline Hertogh,came to claim her daughter back.Maria's case was brought to the High Court in Singapore and she was placed under the care of the Social Welfare Department.In May 1950, the court ruled that Maria should be returned to her natural parents.Che Aminah opposed the decision and sent an appeal.Two months later,the court returned Maria to Che Aminah.Under Che Aminah's care,Maria went through a marriage ceremony with a malay teacher.She was 13 years old then.In November 1950,the battle for the custody continued.The court ruled that Maria should be returned to her natural parents.The judge announced that the Dutch law did not recognise Maria's marriage as she was under-age abd her natural father's consent was not obtained,this upset the Muslim community,they felt that the Muslim law was not respected.

SINGAPORE PROGRESSIVE PARTY

The Singapore Progressive Party was the only political party that took part in the 1948 election.
The Singapore Progressive Party was formed on 25 August 1947
Led by three London University Lawyers:Tan Chye Cheng,John Laycock and N.A.Mallal
Made up of English-speaking upper-class professionals
First political party that contested Singapore elections
Believed in gradual self-government
Later merged with another political party to form the Liberal Socialist Party

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Local people were concerned with their livelihood,some were thinking about the future of Singapore.Their attitude towards the British government had changed. Since the British ruled Singapore for a century and failed to protect it,they should leave Singapore..This change in their political attitudes was also partly due to external events.Many countries under colonial rule had gained independence. One country that succeeded in achieving independence in 1947 was India,the largest colony of the British Empire.The influence of this external events increased the local people's desire to govern themselves.In 1948,elections were introduced for the first time and the British allowed some locals to be elected into the Leagislative Council.For the first time,the people had some choice in deciding who was going to represent them in the government.

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The returning of the British on 5 September 1945 did not mean an instant return to a better life for the people.There was peace,but the people were still not free from hardships.People were jobless and living in poverty.A severe shortage of food,water,electricity and housing were resulted.People lived in slum conditions. Diseases were common due to overcrowded living conditions,poor sanitation and lack of health services.British attempted to solve the problems and put Singapore back on its feet,but these efforts were inadequate.The difficult living conditions in the post-war period explained why there were waves of Strikes and work stoppages by thousands of workers from the port,factories,transport and business companies after 1945.Strikes took place year so often in 1947 that it was remembered by many people as the year of strikes.More than 300 strikes by almost 70,000 workers were held in the year alone.These strikes became worse with the involvement of the Malayan Communist Party[MCP].The Communists stirred up people's feelings against the British through the trade unions.The British government realised that the strikes were organised by the Communists to create disorder,they passed laws to control trade unions.From 1947 onwards,all unions had to register with the government.

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To solve the food shortage,British had to clear the harbour so that ships transporting foodstuffs could enter the port.Docks were repaired,warehouses were constructed to store commodities that were brought to the port.British decided to ration the amount of food given to each person. Restaurants were opened to sell food at a reasonable prices.Food supplies were slowly increasing when trade links between Singapore and other countries re-established.The war destroyed many houses,making thousands of people homeless.Rents were very high because of shortage of houses.People who could not afford the high rent had to live in small,overcrowded cubicles and squatters.A law on rent control was introduced to stop landlords from raising rents to force tenants out.Some flats were constructed to alleviate the problem of housing shortage.

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Streets were filthy,unlit and unsafe particularly at night.Prisoners-Of-War were put to work to restore electricity,gas and other essential services,and repair the water mains.

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Chinese became victims of Japanese atrocities.Japanese perceived Chinese as a threat to their rule because when Japan invaded China in 1937,they met with strong Chinese resistance,including those from outside China.Singaporeans faced severe food shortages during the Japanese Occupation.Because Singapore's entrepot trade was disrupted,available resources were used to support Japan's war efforts in other parts of Asia.
Rationing was introduced for sales of essential items like rice,salt and sugar.Many people lived in poverty and suffered from malnutrition and diseases.Foodstuffs like rice,salt and sugar were sold at high prices in the black market.People of Singapore resented Japanese rule.Anti-Japanese groups formed to fight against Japanese.Malayan Communist Party formed Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army to fight against the Japanese in the Malayan Jungle.
Another Group aimed to help the British recapture Malaya and Singapore from the Japanese was Force136.This secret organisation to gather information about the Japanese and organise sabotage activities.Members were trained in India and sent secretly to Malaya to help the MPAJA in its fight against the Japanese.One of the leaders was Lim Bo Seng,a businessman who was arrested for his anti-Japanese activities.
After atomic bombs were dropped on 6 and 9 August 1945,shortly the Japanese surrendered.The British troops returned to Singapre on 5 September 1945,huge crowds gathered at the Padang and cheered for the return of the British.In the Municipal Building,Japanese signed the surrender document which was accepted by Supreme Allied Commander for SouthEast Asia,Lord Louis Mountbatten.
A provisional government called the British Millitary Adminstration which took charge of governing Singapore.It faced a difficult task of rebuilding of the country and maintaining law and order.People faced many problems in post-war Singapore such as overcrowded living conditions,poor sanitation,lack of health services and unemployment.However,the most serious problem were shortage of food and lack of housing.There was also shortage of water and electricity and telephone services were disrupted.

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The Japanese did not respect the Allied prisoners-of-war(POWs) as they believed that 'one who had been captured during wartime should be beheaded or castrated at the Emperor's will '. Despite the fact that the Japanese ill-treated them,the POWs organised activities and events.A 'university' in the Changi Prison to share their knowledge and skills with one another.Lectures on general education, business training, languages, engineering, science, agriculture, law and medicine were conducted.
The Japanese did not regard the Malays and Indians as a threat to their rule.But instead,they tried to win the support from the Malays and Indians.Those who were indentified as anti-Japanese were taken in lorries to Changi and other beaches on the East Coast.Every school began with a morning assembly to sing the Japanese national anthem[Kimigayo].Radio stations were controlled by the Japanese so that the people could only listen to local broadcasts.

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The Japanese used fear to rule Singapore.At the slightest offence, punishment was swift and severe. The Eurasians were treated harshly because the Japanese felt that they were threat to them.Those suspected helping the British were put to death.

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The Singaporean were led to believe that the possibility of a Japanese attack was remote.The general feeling in Singapore shortly before the first Japanese air raid was observed by Mary Thomas, a woman who was jailed in Changi Prison during the Japanese Occupation.The fall of Singapore marked the beginning a new "chapter" of Singapore history.Singapore was then renamed "Syonan-to" which meant "the Radiant South".
When the Japanese took control of the island,they had plans to deal with the allied troops and the Singaporeans.

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On 15 February 1942,British had a final meeting and decided to surrender to General Tomoyuki Yamashita.

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Before the war,the Japanese set up their spies services in Malaya and Singapore to provide information on British defence and readiness.They then planned on how to defeat the British in the event of a conflict.But the British had underestimated the Japanese,they thought that he Japanese airforce,army and navy were inferior but the Japanese proved them wrong.Their army had modern airforce and naval fleet.The Japanese fighter planes destroyed about half of the British planes,which were old and outdated.
The battle of Malaya,8 December 1941-31 January 1942 was a very fruitful victory to the Japanese and they prepared to invade Singapore.

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On 8 December 1941,slightly after 4am,the Singaporeans were awakened by the explosion.Japanese warplanes had bombed the city.Japanese soldiers also landed in northern Malaya.Singapore fell to Japanese in less than 70 days.After the world war 1,the British wad financially drained and could no longer maintain a strong naval.British needed all its warships to remain in Europe,Britain saw the need to defend its empire as Japan was building a powerful navy.
In order to defend its empire in the Far East,Britain decided to send their warships to Asia if there was trouble and it needed a naval base.To defend the naval base in Singapore,15-inch guns,usually mounted on ships,were installed facing the sea to prevent attacks from the sea.
In September 1939,a war broke out in Europe.Japan,in September 1940,signed a treaty of friendship wuth Germany and Italy,which called themselves the Axis Powers.Germany wanted to be the master of Europe,Japan wanted to be the master of Asia and the Pacific region.
In 1941,more Indian,British and Australian troops arrived in Singapore to defend both Malaya and Singapore From battle ships HMS PRINCE OF WALES AND HMS REPULSE arrived in Singapore.However,the British could not send in air and naval reinforcements because of its war involvement in Europe and North Africa.
On 7 December 1941,the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour in Hawaii to destroy tje American Pacific fleet.At the same time Japanese began to attacked Malaya and other parts of SouthEast Asia by air,sea and land.On 10 December 1941,HMS PRINCE OF WALES AND HMS REPULSE were sunk off the coast of Kuantan.

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Before world war 2,the British had governed Singapore from 1819 to 1963.They built many government buildings for administrative purposes..In 1826,the British combined their three possessions of Penang,Melaka and Singapore..

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Hi to everyone who is reading this blog..today is my first posting..and this is for history..i am going to write about world war 2..this is a small image of how the japanese soldiers look like..